Primero de todo, ¿qué es el dolor? Según la Asociación Mundial para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP): “es una experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable, asociada con un daño tisular, real o potencial, o descrita en términos de dicho daño”.1 Lo que nos quiere decir esta definición es que es una experiencia subjetiva, cada uno sentimos el dolor de manera distinta, y que puede asociarse, o no, con daño de algún tejido corporal.
Siempre se ha dicho que la Acupuntura es una técnica realmente eficaz en las dolencias que cursan con dolor, pero, ¿sabemos realmente por qué?
La mayoría de la gente conocemos que la terapia consiste en insertar agujas en determinados puntos, movilizarlas y luego dejarlas durante unos minutos, de 20 a 30, para que hagan su efecto. Normalmente, si hay dolor, se suelen colocar en la zona afectada y en otras zonas más distales.
Se ha descubierto en estudios con animales de laboratorio y humanos que la acción analgésica se produce por distintos mecanismos2, unos que se relacionan con manipulación mecánica en el área local y luego por acción periférica en el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC).
Como decimos en el mismo lugar de la punción se generan unas moléculas llamadas adenosinas que, entre otras acciones, tienen efectos sedantes e inhibitorios de la actividad neuronal.
Parece que a nivel del SNC los mecanismos se relacionan con la estimulación para la secreción de opioides endógenos. Resaltando las encefalinas y las dinorfinas, ambos neurotransmisores relacionados con el dolor, que también tienen otros efectos. Es importante resaltar que en múltiples investigaciones se ha visto que la estas acciones se inhiben al suministrarse naloxona3, es un antídoto de las sustancias opiáceas que son las de mayor potencia en la escala de la analgesia4.
Por otro lado, la acupuntura ayuda a regular la secreción de cortisol5, que es una hormona que se relacionan con la inflamación. Nos sonará que una persona con un nivel importante de dolor suele ser tratada, además de con analgésicos, con antiinflamatorios de la familia de los corticoides.
Como podéis ver la acción frente al dolor de la técnica china no es ni mucho menos simple, se sabe que estas no son las únicas formas en las que la terapia interactúa con el organismo, pero, por ahora, son sobre las que mayor conocimiento tenemos.
Gabriel Fustero, Enfermero Acupuntor y Terapeuta Gestalt.
- https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CLUR/article/download/CLUR9596110049A/1479
- http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1134-80462013000500006
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1654741
- https://www.dolor.com/tratamiento-farmacologico-escala-analgesica-oms.html
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7183209
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